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Winters' Formula Respiratory Compensation Calculator

Expected pCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃ + 8 ± 2 in metabolic acidosis.

Compute the expected pCO₂ in a patient with primary metabolic acidosis using Winters' formula: pCO₂ = 1.5 · HCO₃ + 8 ± 2 mm Hg. Compare against the measured pCO₂ to detect mixed disorders.

Priya Venkatesan By Priya Venkatesan
Published Last reviewed 1 min read

Inputs

mEq/L
mm Hg

Results

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How to use this calculator

  1. Fill in the inputs above using the units you already have.
  2. Values update automatically as you type — no submit button needed.
  3. Hover any result row for the underlying formula and intermediate values.

Formula

pCO₂_expected = 1.5 · HCO₃ + 8 (± 2).

In depth

Compute the expected pCO₂ in a patient with primary metabolic acidosis using Winters' formula: pCO₂ = 1.5 · HCO₃ + 8 ± 2 mm Hg. Compare against the measured pCO₂ to detect mixed disorders.