Snell's Law Calculator
Compute the angle of refraction when light passes from a medium of refractive index n₁ into a medium of refractive index...
Kinematics, dynamics, and classical-physics shortcuts.
Solve the common physics textbook calculations — velocity, acceleration, force, and energy — with units correctly tracked end to end.
Compute the angle of refraction when light passes from a medium of refractive index n₁ into a medium of refractive index...
Compute the energy of a photon from either its frequency or its wavelength, using E = h · f = h · c / λ. Reports both th...
Compute the small-angle period of a simple pendulum from its length and the local gravitational acceleration.
Solve the thin-lens equation for image distance d_i and magnification m, given the focal length f and object distance d_...
Compute the natural period and frequency of an ideal mass-spring oscillator from the mass m and the spring constant k.
Compute the Reynolds number to predict whether a fluid flow is laminar, transitional, or turbulent.
Compute velocity from displacement and time, or solve for either one given the other two.
Compute the sound intensity level in decibels from a measured intensity and a reference intensity (I₀ = 10⁻¹² W/m² is th...
Estimate the speed of sound in dry air at any temperature using the standard idealized formula.
Compute constant acceleration from initial velocity, final velocity, and time.
Compute the distance modulus and luminosity distance to an astronomical object from its apparent and absolute magnitudes...
Solve F = ma for any of force, mass, or acceleration — with unit-aware defaults.
Compute the centripetal acceleration of an object moving in a circle of radius r at speed v.
Compute the horizontal range, time of flight, and maximum height of a projectile launched from level ground at speed v₀...
Work out kinetic energy from mass and velocity, and see the relationship between the two.
Compute the Moon's phase, age in days, and illuminated fraction for any date, plus the next new- and full-moon dates. Us...
Compute the synodic period S between two orbiting bodies (e.g. Earth and another planet) given their sidereal orbital pe...
Compute the distance to a star from its annual parallax angle in arcseconds, using d (parsecs) = 1 / parallax_arcsec. Re...
Compute the cosmological recession velocity of a galaxy from its distance using v = H₀ · d, with H₀ defaulted to 70 km/s...
Compute density (ρ = m/V), or rearrange the formula to solve for mass or volume given the other two.
Compute pressure as force per unit area in pascals, with quick conversions to common engineering units.
Compute the linear momentum of a moving object as the product of its mass and velocity.
Convert between wavelength and frequency for a wave travelling at any speed (defaults to the speed of light in vacuum).
Compute how long an object takes to fall from a given height and the velocity it reaches just before impact, ignoring ai...