Malus's Law Polarization Calculator
Compute the transmitted intensity of linearly polarized light through a polarizer using Malus's law I = I₀ · cos²(θ), wh...
Kinematics, dynamics, and classical-physics shortcuts.
Solve the common physics textbook calculations — velocity, acceleration, force, and energy — with units correctly tracked end to end.
Compute the transmitted intensity of linearly polarized light through a polarizer using Malus's law I = I₀ · cos²(θ), wh...
Compute the torque produced by a force applied to a lever arm at an angle: τ = F · r · sin θ. Reports the torque in N·m,...
Compute the circular orbital speed required for a satellite at radius r around a body of mass M: v = √(GM/r), with G = 6...
Calculates the peak EMF of a coil rotating in a uniform magnetic field: ε_max = N · B · A · ω, and the instantaneous EMF...
For a reversible adiabatic (isentropic) process on an ideal gas, the temperature scales with the volume ratio raised to...
Compute the achievable Δv of a single-stage rocket from the propellant's specific impulse, the wet mass, and the dry mas...
Compute the moment of inertia of a uniform solid cylinder (or disc) about its central long axis: I = ½ · M · R². Also re...
Compute the −3 dB bandwidth Δf of an RLC resonant circuit: Δf = f₀ / Q, where f₀ is the resonant frequency and Q is the...
Compute the relativistic momentum p = γ·m·v of a particle of rest mass m moving with speed v, where γ = 1/√(1 − v²/c²)....
Compute the radiated power of a thermal emitter from its emissivity, surface area, and absolute temperature, using P = ε...
Compute the sound intensity level β (in decibels) from a sound's physical intensity I (W/m²) referenced to the threshold...
Compute the apex height a projectile reaches when launched at speed v₀ and angle θ above flat ground (no air resistance)...
Apply the work-energy theorem: the net work done on a particle equals the change in its kinetic energy: W_net = ½·m·(v_f...
Compute the energy stored in a capacitor from its capacitance and the voltage across it, using E = ½ · C · V². Reports s...
Compute the steady-state amplitude of a driven, damped harmonic oscillator with driving force F₀cos(ωt) and damping γ =...
Compute the linear momentum of a photon directly from its wavelength using p = h / λ, with Planck's constant h = 6.62607...
Compute the transient charging current of a series RC circuit driven by a DC source after the switch closes: i(t) = (V/R...
Compute the steady-state diffusive molar flux J (mol·m⁻²·s⁻¹) across a region of concentration gradient dC/dx (mol·m⁻⁴)...
Compute Brewster's angle θ_B = atan(n₂ / n₁) — the incidence angle at which p-polarized light is fully transmitted (zero...
Compute the total magnification of a compound microscope from the objective magnification (e.g. 10×, 40×, 100×) and the...
Compute the AC skin depth (the depth at which current density falls to 1/e of its surface value) in a uniform conductor...
Compute the Hall voltage developed across a current-carrying conductor in a transverse magnetic field, using V_H = I · B...
Compute the secondary voltage, current, and turns ratio of an ideal transformer: V₂ = V₁ · N₂/N₁; I₂ = I₁ · N₁/N₂. Power...
Compute the drift velocity of free electrons in a current-carrying conductor: v_d = I / (n · A · q), where n is the free...